| ▴ Proto-Turkic | ▴ Altaic etymology | ▴ Meaning | ▴ Russian meaning | ▴ Old Turkic | ▴ Karakhanid | ▴ Turkish | ▴ Tatar | ▴ Middle Turkic | ▴ Uzbek | ▴ Uighur | ▴ Sary-Yughur | ▴ Azerbaidzhan | ▴ Turkmen | ▴ Khakassian | ▴ Shor | ▴ Oyrat | ▴ Halaj | ▴ Chuvash | ▴ Yakut | ▴ Dolgan | ▴ Tuva | ▴ Tofalar | ▴ Kirghiz | ▴ Kazakh | ▴ Noghai | ▴ Bashkir | ▴ Balkar | ▴ Gagauz | ▴ Karaim | ▴ Karakalpak | ▴ Salar | ▴ Kumyk | ▴ Comments |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"*er- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to be (aux.) | face="Times New Roman Star"áûòü (âñïîì.) | face="Times New Roman Star"er- (Orkh., OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"er- (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"i- | face="Times New Roman Star"i- (i-ken (perf.) 'it appears', i-mes? (evident.) '...says that it is') | face="Times New Roman Star"er- (Abush.) | face="Times New Roman Star"e-, er-u"r (fut.) | face="Times New Roman Star"e- | face="Times New Roman Star"er- | face="Times New Roman Star"i- | face="Times New Roman Star"er- | face="Times New Roman Star"i- | face="Times New Roman Star"e- | face="Times New Roman Star"e- | face="Times New Roman Star"a"r- (D. GCh 182) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"e-/er- | face="Times New Roman Star"e-/er- | face="Times New Roman Star"e-/ir- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"e- | face="Times New Roman Star"e- | face="Times New Roman Star"e- | face="Times New Roman Star"i- | face="Times New Roman Star"e- | face="Times New Roman Star"i-/ir- | face="Times New Roman Star"e- | face="Times New Roman Star"e- | face="Times New Roman Star"ir- (Kakuk 182) | face="Times New Roman Star"e- | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 193-194, VEWT 46, ÝÑÒß 1, 218-220, Stachowski 42, 46. The verb frequently occurs as e-, without the final -r- (see ibid.). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*jama- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to patch | face="Times New Roman Star"ëàòàòü, øòîïàòü |
| face="Times New Roman Star"jama- (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"jama- | face="Times New Roman Star"jama- | face="Times New Roman Star"jama- (Ettuhf.) | face="Times New Roman Star"jama- | face="Times New Roman Star"jama- | face="Times New Roman Star"jama- | face="Times New Roman Star"jama- | face="Times New Roman Star"jama- | face="Times New Roman Star"nama- | face="Times New Roman Star"naba- | face="Times New Roman Star"jama-, d/ama- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"sama:- | face="Times New Roman Star"hama:- | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ama- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"z?|ama- | face="Times New Roman Star"z?ama- | face="Times New Roman Star"jama- | face="Times New Roman Star"jama- | face="Times New Roman Star"zama- | face="Times New Roman Star"jama- | face="Times New Roman Star"jama- | face="Times New Roman Star"z?ama- | face="Times New Roman Star"jama- | face="Times New Roman Star"jama- | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 184, EDT 934-935, ÝÑÒß 4, 108, Stachowski 94. Turk. > WMong. z?|ama-, Kalm. zam@- (KW 466). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*jap- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to cover; to close, shut (the door) | face="Times New Roman Star"ïîêðûâàòü; çàêðûâàòü (äâåðü) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"jap- (MK) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"jap- | face="Times New Roman Star"jap- (AH, Ettuhf., Áîð. Áàä.) | face="Times New Roman Star"jo|p- | face="Times New Roman Star"jap- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"jap- (dial.) | face="Times New Roman Star"jap- | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ap- | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ap- | face="Times New Roman Star"jap-, d/ap- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"sap- | face="Times New Roman Star"hap- | face="Times New Roman Star"s?yp- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"z?|ap- | face="Times New Roman Star"z?ap- | face="Times New Roman Star"jap- | face="Times New Roman Star"jap- | face="Times New Roman Star"z?|ap-, z?ap-, zap- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"jap- | face="Times New Roman Star"z?ap- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"jap- | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 187, EDT 870-871; ÝÑÒß 4, 127-128 (with a careful distinction of *jap- 'create, make' and *jap- 'cover'), Stachowski 96-97. Derivates mean 'cloth, covering' (see Ëåêñèêà 545). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*ja:.r | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"precipice, steep bank | face="Times New Roman Star"îáðûâ, êðóòîé áåðåã |
| face="Times New Roman Star"jar (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"jar | face="Times New Roman Star"jar | face="Times New Roman Star"jar (Ettuhf., Pav. C.) | face="Times New Roman Star"z?|ar | face="Times New Roman Star"jar |
| face="Times New Roman Star"jar-Gan | face="Times New Roman Star"ja:r | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ar |
| face="Times New Roman Star"d/ar |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s/yr | face="Times New Roman Star"sy:r | face="Times New Roman Star"hy:r |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"z?|ar | face="Times New Roman Star"z?ar | face="Times New Roman Star"jar | face="Times New Roman Star"jar |
| face="Times New Roman Star"jar | face="Times New Roman Star"jar |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"jar | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 953-954, VEWT 188-9, ÝÑÒß 4, 17-18, Stachowski 121. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*ja:r- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to split 2 split, crack | face="Times New Roman Star"1 ðàññåêàòü, ðàñêàëûâàòü 2 ùåëü, òðåùèíà | face="Times New Roman Star"jar- 1 (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"jar- 1 (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"jar- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"jar- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"jar- 1 (AH) | face="Times New Roman Star"jo|r- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"ja(r)- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"jar- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"jar- 1, jar-yG 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"ja:r- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ar- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ar- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"jar-, d/ar- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s/or- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"sar-ka:x (adj.) 'split' | face="Times New Roman Star"sar-ka:k (adj.) 'split' | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ar- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"z?|ar- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"z?ar- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"jar- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"jar- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"z?|ar- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"jar- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"jar- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"z?ar- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"jar- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"jar- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 954-955, VEWT 188-189, ÝÑÒß 4, 135-137, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 139, Stachowski 209. Very widespread are the derivatives *ja:ryk, *ja:rma 'crack, split' (see ÝÑÒß ibid.); Turk. *ja:rym 'half' (ÝÑÒß 4, 147) > Mong. z?|arim, z?|arimduq (KW 470, Ùåðáàê 1997, 123). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*jagy | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"enemy, war | face="Times New Roman Star"âðàã, âîéíà | face="Times New Roman Star"jag|y (Orkh., OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"jag|y (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"jag|y | face="Times New Roman Star"jaw | face="Times New Roman Star"jag|y (Houts.) | face="Times New Roman Star"jo|w, (dial.) jaw, ja:g|y | face="Times New Roman Star"jaw, jag|y, ja"g|y (dial.) | face="Times New Roman Star"jag|y | face="Times New Roman Star"jag|y | face="Times New Roman Star"jag|y | face="Times New Roman Star"c?a: | face="Times New Roman Star"c?a: | face="Times New Roman Star"ju:, d/u | face="Times New Roman Star"jag|y | face="Times New Roman Star"s/u 'heathen' | face="Times New Roman Star"sya-ka:r 'rogue, villain' |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?a: | face="Times New Roman Star"c?a: | face="Times New Roman Star"z?|o: | face="Times New Roman Star"z?aw | face="Times New Roman Star"jaw | face="Times New Roman Star"jaw | face="Times New Roman Star"z?|aw, z?aw, zaw |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"z?aw |
| face="Times New Roman Star"jaw | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 178, ÝÑÒß 4, 55-56, Ëåêñèêà 561, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 129 (?). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*jag- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to rain 2 rain | face="Times New Roman Star"1 èäòè (î äîæäå) 2 äîæäü | face="Times New Roman Star"jag|- 1 (Orkh.), jag|mur 2 (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"jag|- 1 (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"ja:- 1, ja:mur 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"jaw- 1, jan|g|yr, jawym 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"jag|- 1, jag|mur / jamg|ur 2 (Pav. C., AH, Ettuhf., MA), jag|yn 2 (Pav. C.) | face="Times New Roman Star"jo|g|- 1, jo|mg|ir, jo|g|in 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"jag|- 1, jamg|u(r), jan|mur, jeg|in 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"jag|- 1, jag|mir | face="Times New Roman Star"jag|- 1, jag|mur, jag|ys?, jag|yn 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"jag|- 1, jag|myr, jag|ys?, jag|yn 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ag|- 1, nan|myr 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ag|-, c?a:- 1, nag|byr, namyr 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"ja:-, d/a- 1, d/an|myr, d/a:s? 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"jag|- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"s/u- 1, s/omúr 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"samy:r 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"hamy:r 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ag|- 1, c?a's 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ag|- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"z?|a:-, z?|au- 1, z?|amg|yr, z?|a:n 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"z?aw- 1, z?an|byr, z?awyn 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"jaw- 1, jamg|yr | face="Times New Roman Star"jaw- 1, jamg|yr, jawun 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"z?awun, z?|ang|ur | face="Times New Roman Star"ja:- 1, ja:mur 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"jag|mur 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"z?aw- 1, z?awyn, z?amg|yr 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"jag|- 1, jag|mur 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"jaw- 1, jan|g|ur, jan|ur, jawyn / jawun 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 177, EDT 896, 903-4, 908, ÝÑÒß 4, 57, Ëåêñèêà 25, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 135, Stachowski 95. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*je.t- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to reach | face="Times New Roman Star"äîñòèãàòü | face="Times New Roman Star"jet- (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"jet- (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"jet- | face="Times New Roman Star"z?|it- | face="Times New Roman Star"jet- (Pav. C., Áîð. Áàä.), ja"t- (AH) | face="Times New Roman Star"jet- | face="Times New Roman Star"ja"t- | face="Times New Roman Star"jet-, jit- | face="Times New Roman Star"jet-is?- | face="Times New Roman Star"jet- | face="Times New Roman Star"c?it- | face="Times New Roman Star"c?et- | face="Times New Roman Star"ja"t-, d/et- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s/it- | face="Times New Roman Star"sit- | face="Times New Roman Star"hit- | face="Times New Roman Star"c?e`t- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"z?|et- | face="Times New Roman Star"z?et- | face="Times New Roman Star"jet- | face="Times New Roman Star"jet- | face="Times New Roman Star"z?|et-, zet- | face="Times New Roman Star"jet- | face="Times New Roman Star"jet- | face="Times New Roman Star"z?et- | face="Times New Roman Star"jet- | face="Times New Roman Star"jet- | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 884-885, VEWT 199, ÝÑÒß 4, 193-194, Stachowski 105. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*jubut- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to swallow | face="Times New Roman Star"ãëîòàòü |
| face="Times New Roman Star"jut- (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"jut- (judum 'gulp') | face="Times New Roman Star"jot- | face="Times New Roman Star"jout- (CC) | face="Times New Roman Star"jut- | face="Times New Roman Star"jut- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"ud- | face="Times New Roman Star"juvut- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"d/ut- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"s/út- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"z?|ut- | face="Times New Roman Star"z?ut- | face="Times New Roman Star"jut- | face="Times New Roman Star"jot- | face="Times New Roman Star"z?|ut- | face="Times New Roman Star"jut- (judum 'gulp') | face="Times New Roman Star"jut- | face="Times New Roman Star"z?ut- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"jut- | face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 4, 242-243, VEWT 212, EDT 885, Åãîðîâ 203. The Turkm. and Koman forms, as well as reflexes of secondary length in Oghuz, point unmistakably to *-ubu-, contracted in other sources. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*jut | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 bad weather, bad harvest 2 hunger, trouble | face="Times New Roman Star"1 äóðíàÿ ïîãîäà, íåóðîæàé 2 ãîëîä, áåäà | face="Times New Roman Star"jut (Orkh.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"jut (MK) 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"jut (Pav. C., AH, Áîð. Áàä.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"jut 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"z?|ut, z?|u"t 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"z?|u"t 'lean, meagre' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ut 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"c?ut 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"jut, d/ut 1, 2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"sut 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"c?ut 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"z?|ut 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"z?ut 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"jut 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"jot 2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"z?u>t 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"jut 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 883, VEWT 211-212, ÝÑÒß 4, 256-257. Turk. > Mong. *z?|ud, *z?|uta- (KW 481, TMN 4, 210, Ùåðáàê 1997, 125). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*jor- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to explain, interpret (a dream) | face="Times New Roman Star"òîëêîâàòü (ñîí) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"jor- (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"jor-, jora- | face="Times New Roman Star"jura- | face="Times New Roman Star"jor- (AH, Pav. C.) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"z?|oru- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"z?|oro-, z?|oru- | face="Times New Roman Star"z?or- | face="Times New Roman Star"jory- | face="Times New Roman Star"jura- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"jor-, jora- | face="Times New Roman Star"z?ory- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 955, VEWT 208, ÝÑÒß 4, 223-224. Turk. > Mong. jor- (Ùåðáàê 1997, 125). The root should be distinguished from *jo":r- 'to untie, release' (Yak. su"o"r-, OT jo"r-) - the latter is different both phonetically and semantically, although it can, through contamination, also attain the meaning 'to interpret' (thus in MK and OUygh.). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*kep(i)- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to dry out 2 to extinguish, disappear | face="Times New Roman Star"1 âûñûõàòü 2 èñ÷åçàòü, ïðîïàäàòü |
| face="Times New Roman Star"kepi- ( ? kebi-) (MK) 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"kip- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"ke|p- 1, ke|bi- (dial.) 2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"kep- 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"kep- 'to pound, demolish' | face="Times New Roman Star"kep- 'to push' | face="Times New Roman Star"kep- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"kep- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"kep- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"kep- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"kip- 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"kep- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"kep- 1, kebi- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 687, ÝÑÒß 5, 45-46, Stachowski 145 (but the Yak. and Dolg. forms hardly to *ge:b- 'chew'). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*ge:(j)t- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to go (away) | face="Times New Roman Star"óõîäèòü | face="Times New Roman Star"ket- (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"ket/d|- (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"git- | face="Times New Roman Star"kit- | face="Times New Roman Star"ke.t- (Abush., Sangl., MA) | face="Times New Roman Star"ket- | face="Times New Roman Star"ka"t- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"get- | face="Times New Roman Star"git- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"ket- (dial.) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"kajt- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"ket- | face="Times New Roman Star"ket- | face="Times New Roman Star"ket- | face="Times New Roman Star"kit- | face="Times New Roman Star"ket- | face="Times New Roman Star"get- | face="Times New Roman Star"ket- | face="Times New Roman Star"ket- | face="Times New Roman Star"Gi:/i- (Kakuk) | face="Times New Roman Star"get- | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 258, EDT 701, ÝÑÒß 3, 39-40, 49-50. Vowel length can be reconstructed on indirect evidence (voicing -t- > -d- in forms like Az. gedis? 'going away' etc.). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*ge:t- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to indent, notch, crack | face="Times New Roman Star"äåëàòü çàðóáêó, íàäðåç |
| face="Times New Roman Star"ked- (OKypch., AH) | face="Times New Roman Star"get- | face="Times New Roman Star"kit- | face="Times New Roman Star"ket- (MA) | face="Times New Roman Star"ketu"k (n.) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"ga":t- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"ka":tu"k `indent' | face="Times New Roman Star"kat- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"ket- | face="Times New Roman Star"ketik (n.) | face="Times New Roman Star"ketik (n.) | face="Times New Roman Star"kit- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"ketik (n.) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 259, ÝÑÒß 3, 30-31, 5, 65-66, EDT 700-701. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"not | face="Times New Roman Star"íå | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- | face="Times New Roman Star"-my- | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"*bu":n- (/*bi:n-) | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to ride on, to mount, to rize | face="Times New Roman Star"åõàòü âåðõîì | face="Times New Roman Star"bin- (Orkh.), mu"n- (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"mu"n- (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"bin- | face="Times New Roman Star"men- | face="Times New Roman Star"min- (Sangl.) | face="Times New Roman Star"min- | face="Times New Roman Star"min- | face="Times New Roman Star"min- | face="Times New Roman Star"min- | face="Times New Roman Star"mu"n-; mi:n- (dial.) | face="Times New Roman Star"mu"n- | face="Times New Roman Star"mu"n- | face="Times New Roman Star"min- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"minder 'pillow' | face="Times New Roman Star"mi:n- | face="Times New Roman Star"mi:n- | face="Times New Roman Star"mun- | face="Times New Roman Star"mun- | face="Times New Roman Star"min- | face="Times New Roman Star"min- | face="Times New Roman Star"min- | face="Times New Roman Star"men- | face="Times New Roman Star"min- | face="Times New Roman Star"pin- | face="Times New Roman Star"min- | face="Times New Roman Star"min- | face="Times New Roman Star"min-, mim-, min|- (ÑÑß) | face="Times New Roman Star"min- | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 338, TMN 4, 34, EDT 348, ÝÑÒß 7, Stachowski 180. Shortness in Turkm. is not clear. On the derivative *bin-ig- > *binge-l/- 'to ride behind someone else on the same horse' see EDT 771, Stachowski 178. Chuv. minder may be < Kypch., cf. Turk., Gag., Turkm., Nogh. minder, Kum. minnir, Tat., Bashk. menda"r - see Ôåäîòîâ 1, 359. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*-mi | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"interrogative particle | face="Times New Roman Star"âîïðîñèòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòèöà | face="Times New Roman Star"-mu | face="Times New Roman Star"-mu | face="Times New Roman Star"-mi | face="Times New Roman Star"-mi | face="Times New Roman Star"-mu | face="Times New Roman Star"-mi | face="Times New Roman Star"-mu |
| face="Times New Roman Star"-mi | face="Times New Roman Star"-mi | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma/-me | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma/me | face="Times New Roman Star"-ba/be | face="Times New Roman Star"-mi | face="Times New Roman Star"-im |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"-by | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma/me | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma/me | face="Times New Roman Star"-my | face="Times New Roman Star"-mu/my | face="Times New Roman Star"-mi | face="Times New Roman Star"-mo | face="Times New Roman Star"-ma/me | face="Times New Roman Star"-mi | face="Times New Roman Star"-mi | face="Times New Roman Star"Ìîðôîëîãèÿ 2. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*burun (*buryn) | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 nose 2 front part 3 before | face="Times New Roman Star"1 íîñ 2 ïåðåäíÿÿ ÷àñòü 3 ïåðåä, âïåðåäè | face="Times New Roman Star"burun 1, 2 (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"burun 1, 3 (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"burun 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"boryn 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"burun 1, 3 (Sangl.) | face="Times New Roman Star"burun 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"burun 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"p'uryn 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"burun 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"burun 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"purun 1, 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"purnu, (Âåðá.) purun 1, 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"burun 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"buryn 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"murun 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"munnu 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"murnu 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"murnu 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"murun 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"muryn 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"buryn 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"moron 1, boron 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"burun 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"burnu 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"burun 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"muryn 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"purny 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"burun 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 90, EDT 366-367, ÝÑÒß 2, 269-273, Ëåêñèêà 214-215, Stachowski 182. Cf. *bur- 'to smell' (VEWT 89). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*ne:- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"what | face="Times New Roman Star"÷òî | face="Times New Roman Star"ne (Orkh., OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"ne (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"ne, neme | face="Times New Roman Star"ni, ne|rse| | face="Times New Roman Star"ne (Abush., Sangl.) | face="Times New Roman Star"ne | face="Times New Roman Star"na" | face="Times New Roman Star"ni | face="Times New Roman Star"na" | face="Times New Roman Star"na":, na":ma" | face="Times New Roman Star"nime, ni; no: `which' (*ne-gu) | face="Times New Roman Star"nebe `thing', no: `what' (*ne-gu) | face="Times New Roman Star"ne, neme | face="Times New Roman Star"ne | face="Times New Roman Star"m@w|n (metathesis < *ne-me) | face="Times New Roman Star"tuox (*suox < *c?e-gu+ok?) | face="Times New Roman Star"tuok | face="Times New Roman Star"c?u": (*c?e-gu"), c?u"ve (*c?egu"-me) | face="Times New Roman Star"c?u":, c?u"me | face="Times New Roman Star"ne, neme | face="Times New Roman Star"ne | face="Times New Roman Star"ne | face="Times New Roman Star"ni, na"ma" | face="Times New Roman Star"ne | face="Times New Roman Star"ne | face="Times New Roman Star"ne | face="Times New Roman Star"ne, neme | face="Times New Roman Star"ne | face="Times New Roman Star"ne, neme | face="Times New Roman Star"The earliest PT form must have contained a unique initial nasal (generally nasals were not allowed word-initially), having yielded specific reflexes in modern languages. See VEWT 352, EDT 774-5, Stachowski 230-231, ÝÑÒß 7, Ôåäîòîâ 1, 356. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*-n| | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"an ending of the 2d person | face="Times New Roman Star"îêîí÷àíèå 2-ãî ë. | face="Times New Roman Star"-n| (Orkh., OUygh.), -g| (Orkh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"-n| (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"-n | face="Times New Roman Star"-n| | face="Times New Roman Star"-n| | face="Times New Roman Star"-n| | face="Times New Roman Star"-n| | face="Times New Roman Star"-n| | face="Times New Roman Star"-n | face="Times New Roman Star"-n| | face="Times New Roman Star"-n| | face="Times New Roman Star"-n| | face="Times New Roman Star"-n| | face="Times New Roman Star"-n| | face="Times New Roman Star"-n | face="Times New Roman Star"-n| | face="Times New Roman Star"-n| | face="Times New Roman Star"-n| |
| face="Times New Roman Star"-n| | face="Times New Roman Star"-n| | face="Times New Roman Star"-n| | face="Times New Roman Star"-n| | face="Times New Roman Star"-n| | face="Times New Roman Star"-n | face="Times New Roman Star"-n, -j | face="Times New Roman Star"-n| | face="Times New Roman Star"-n| | face="Times New Roman Star"-n| | face="Times New Roman Star"Ìîðôîëîãèÿ 23-26, 28, 32. |
,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,tur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